Heat stress in dairy cows housed in confinement systems

Lactating cows experience heat stress, particularly during peak milk production, and dry cows experience heat stress particularly during the transition period. To minimise the impact of heat stress in dairy cows, confinement systems have emerged as an alternative to enhance production, to increase milk quality, to ensure herd health and welfare conditions, and to improve the thermal comfort of cows. The thermoneutral zone in dairy cattle is described as the range of ambient temperature in whi