How to prevent bovine respiratory disease complex in calves

Environmental factors contribute to the incidence and severity of bovine respiratory disease complex by facilitating the spread and survival of pathogens and weakening the overall defense mechanism of the calves. The main environmental risk factors include housing type, air quality, temperature, relative humidity, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentration, and aerial germ load and are discussed in this article. Housing types Outdoor individual calf rearing has various benefits including high