Late-gestation heifers and heat stress

Increasing global environmental temperatures have detrimental effects on the dairy industry. While the effects of heat stress on multiparous lactating and non-lactating dairy cows have been studied extensively, the effects on gestating heifers have received less attention. Heat stress reduces cow milk yield and results in significant economic loss for the dairy industry. Heat stress is experienced by livestock when ambient temperature exceeds the upper critical temperature of the thermoneutral